We generated this output by executing ls with the -l option. Two useful facts stand right out: the owner of the file is an author of this book and your faithful guide, mdw , while the group is lib perhaps a group created for programmers working on libraries.
But the key information about permissions is encrypted in the set of letters on the left side of the display. The first character is a hyphen, indicating a plain file. The next three bits apply to the owner; as we would expect, mdw has all three permissions. The only difference between this file and that shown in Figure is that the x bits in this case have been replaced by hyphens.
The left-most bit is now a d , to show that this is a directory. The executable bits are back, because you want people to see the contents of the directory. Skip to main content. Running Linux, Third Edition by. Start your free trial. File Ownership and Permissions. What Permissions Mean. Read permission means you can list the contents of that directory.
Write permission means you can add or remove files in that directory. Execute permission means you can list information about the files in that directory.
We will not be using permissions in numbers like but characters like rwx. Skip to content. Guru99 is Sponsored by Acunetix. Acunetix, the developers of dead-accurate web application security scanners have sponsored the Guru99 project to help scan for over web vulnerabilities accurately and at top speed. Visit the Acunetix Website. Report a Bug. Previous Prev. Next Continue. Home Testing Expand child menu Expand. SAP Expand child menu Expand. Web Expand child menu Expand. Must Learn Expand child menu Expand.
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By default, whosoever, creates the file becomes the owner of the file. A user can create, delete, or modify the file. Group: A group can contain multiple users. All the users belonging to a group have same access permission for a file. Other: Any one who has access to the file other than user and group comes in the category of other. Other has neither created the file nor is a group member. Syntax: ls -lh Look at the above snapshot, all the listed files and directories have the same user and group that is sssit.
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